Critically Analyse the Role and Value of 'The Community' in Global Essay

Basically Analyze the Role and Value of 'The Community' in Global Justice Theory - Essay Example An advanced case of how the world has mobilized for social great is utilized to place the contribution of the worldwide network in the point being talked about into viewpoint. A case of â€Å"the imperceptible children†, an association that delivered the â€Å"Kony 2012† film that as of late became a web sensation for social great is utilized for this situation. Presentation Social equity, is characterized as the reasonable and suitable usage of laws in accordance with the characteristic law to all individuals paying little mind to their ethnicity, sex, riches status, race, strict convictions, political affiliations, etc with equity and without segregation. Social equity starts with the securing of social equality, characterized as the benefits related with citizenship of a specific nation. These incorporate the privilege to opportunity, legitimate administration, equity and decency in the usage of the traditions that must be adhered to along with human and common right s like the benefit to hold open office subject to an individual’s lead (Kuper, 2000)1. From the definition, social equity starts at the nearby network level to the degree of a nation before going worldwide. Worldwide social equity can't in this way be accomplished if singular nations have not made space for its completion. A more profound significance of worldwide social equity To have an inside and out comprehension of worldwide social equity, the accompanying four zones must be appropriately clarified; equivalent citizenship, qualification to a social least, fairness of chances and reasonable dissemination of assets. With a legitimate energy about these issues, the social equity in a worldwide setting will be plainly figured it out. As per Simon Maxwell (2008)2, in his distribution to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), the over four territories have the accompanying significance: Equal citizenship. This isn't simply being an occupant of a specific country and gaining a living inside the bounds of the country’s fringes, however has an a lot more extensive essential of opportunity, fairness and solidarity communicated by residents of a nation and by an expansion the world. The voice of a resident must be heard and they ought to be in a situation to consider open establishments responsible to be viewed as full recipients of social equity. Assurance of social least. This has the ramifications of interests in social assurance to guarantee that all the common freedoms so accomplished are not surrendered yet rather extended to cover zones that are yet to encounter social equity. It in this way requires cautiousness with respect to residents to guarantee that all accomplishments with respects social equity are appropriately defended from vindictive intrigue bunches trying to take any increases from a country’s residents. Uniformity of chances This arrangements with the opportunity to receive the rewards of monetary, social and social incr eases. Individuals from a nation or society must have equivalent access to gains chances to instruction, wellbeing and reasonable organization of equity with the choice of holding anybody endeavoring to deny these chances to account. A general public that profits equivalent opportunities to its individuals is in this way considered to have given social equity to its constituents. Reasonable dispersion The social equity plan if confronting issues because of the issue of dissemination. This is one subject once in a while examined in many circles since it addresses the tip top. America is considered on the countries

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay In light of the chart over, the amount flexibly of neighborhood work before setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P1) is at Q1. Subsequent to setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P2), the amount gracefully of neighborhood work increments to Q2. The amount flexibly of absolute work before setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P1) is at Q4. In the wake of setting the lowest pay permitted by law (P2), the amount request diminishes to Q3. Inferable from the explanation that setting the lowest pay permitted by law, deficiencies of neighborhood work at JKL emerges at the lowest pay permitted by law of P2 and overflow of outside work at EKM emerges at the lowest pay permitted by law of P2. The setting of least wages will expand the joblessness rate since managers will hope to enlist progressively particular workers or less representatives to keep up solid edges (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). A case of joblessness from ordering would be Washington. Washingtons youngster joblessness in 1999 was 19.7% and as ordering was applied its teenager joblessness expanded to 29.7% in year 2008 (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). The accompanying chart outlines the development in youngster joblessness rates in Washington (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). It used to contrast and the joblessness paces of the remainder of United States. This chart shows that when the lowest pay permitted by law rises organizations enlist less representatives to work. For retailers, this implies less workers on the floor offering, keeping up stock and helping clients to discover items. For instance, stores which center around client assistance won't have the option to make such clearing worker reductions (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Market Basket, a supermarket natural pecking order based out of Massachussetts is a case of a store concentrating on consumer loyalty, which faces issue on raising least wages. Market Basket enlists numerous youthful teenagers to keep the floor loaded with workers to help the clients however much as could reasonably be expected. They additionally attempt to ensure the store spotless, adequate and answer clients questions. Along these lines, when setting the lowest pay permitted by law, it will powers Market Basket and different administrations centers retailers cut backs in different t erritories (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Other than that, if the administration setting least wages arrangement, it will influence the profitability and effectiveness of businesses or makers (Chua, 2008). When there is the lowest pay permitted by law strategy, the makers will look for elective approach to lessen the quantity of workers, for example, exchange new machine and new mechanical so as to spare the expense of creation in long haul premise. For instance, there are two similarly beneficial specialists allocated to clear a lush part. The main specialist is given a scoop and a hatchet, the second, piece of machinery. In this way, the subsequent specialist is progressively gainful contrast and first laborer on the grounds that difficult work can't contend with better innovation (Matthew B. Kibbe, 1998). What's more, least wages approach causes expansion in the nation. At the point when the administration set higher least wages strategy, the makers can't adapt to expenses of creation. It will make the costs of all items increment hugely. Therefore, the populace, particularly the low pay class, would think that its progressively hard to remain in the high living consumption society. In view of the financial analyst, this known as cost-push expansion (Michael Pollick, 2010). An expansion in the government the lowest pay permitted by law will expand the expenses of creation, which therefore brings about a swelled cost for shoppers. Managers want to employ outsiders since they are charge lower compensation and are all the more ready to work additional hours (Loh, 2009). In year 2008, remote non-occupants people represent 1.2 million individuals of the whole populace and with the suspicion that outside work from Singapore isn't remote ability. Along these lines, if the nation sets the base wages strategy, it will decrease reliance on remote work since Malaysians will be allowed need in work position contrasted with outside specialists (Chua, 2008). Accordingly, the lowest pay permitted by law approach would carry points of interest and drawbacks to Malaysia and her populace. To lessen the impact of the disservices of the lowest pay permitted by law, the Malaysian government needs to work out the best route on decreasing the detriments of the lowest pay permitted by law arrangement with the goal that administration and populace can pick up as much as advantages as trusted. The administration would need to investigate the subtleties relating to the deficiencies of the lowest pay permitted by law arrangement, for example, the chance of increment in outside work rather than neighborhood works and consider other potential issues that could emerge. Question 2 2.1 Introduction Total national output (GDP) is characterized as the all out market estimation of a countrys yield. It is the market estimation of every single last great and administrations delivered inside a given timeframe by components of creation situated inside a nation (Case Fair, 2002). The creation of a given estimation of products and ventures would produce an equivalent estimation of salary. In this way, the important equity between the GDP and gross residential pay shows that the GDP can be estimated both as the all out estimation of yield delivered and as the pay created in creating that yield (Tregarthen, 1996). Along these lines, in the accompanying article, GDP per capita is utilized as a proportion of financial development and expectations for everyday comforts of a nation over some undefined time frame. 2.2 Measuring Economic Output Performance A countrys financial yield execution is at present estimated utilizing the GDP of the nation. A strategy rehearsed by practically all nations by and by. The GDP is a broadly utilized and acknowledged technique for monetary estimation in numerous nations. It is refreshed much of the time and checked by explicit national factual bodies to guarantee the best exactness of the financial estimation (Madsen, 2006). Gross domestic product empowers the nation organizers and monetary organizers to screen the financial pattern of the nation in a customary, occasional premise. Regardless of the normalized GDP, there are numerous confinements to this idea. One of these impediments is GDP per capita neglects to incorporate non-showcased yield and family unit creation. Gross domestic product per capita does exclude the estimation of the exertion and time put into giving family merchandise and enterprises (Tregarthen, 1996). For instance, a family repainted their home without anyone else without utilizing the administrations of a talented painter. Their time and exertion was excluded from the figuring of the GDP. In any case, if the family utilizes the administration of a gifted painter to repaint their home, the worth would be included into the GDP. These would appear in the GDP. Notwithstanding, it doesn't mirror the real increment underway. It might mirror a move underway from a class that is excluded from the GDP (eg. family unit creation) to another classification that is incorporated. Gross domestic product likewise neglects to incorporate natural debasement (Waterson, 2010). An expanding pay and development of a nation could be occuring to the detriment of the earth. Quick creating nations risk making negative externalities the earth. The assembling segment could be contributing a ton to the countries GDP, be that as it may, the segment could likewise be the significant supporter of the air contamination in the region because of the smoke discharged. The dirtied air can mess breathing up and maladies among the neighboring social orders. Moreover, salary got from the bootleg market and humanitarian effort isn't represented in the GDP (Madsen, Dec 2006). On account of the bootleg market, there are no reports of creation to the administration to avoid charge and the law. For instance, the secret exercises, similar to prostitution, human dealing, and medication dealing, are rewarding. Be that as it may, they are not detailed due to the law. On account of humanitarian effort and magnanimous associations, they don't procure salary in any case. In this way, it isn't accounted for in the GDP in spite of the yield produced. 2.3 Measuring Rising Standard of Living The most well-known proportion of way of life is the utilization of genuine GDP per capita (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2003). Genuine GDP per capita is the swelling balanced GDP per capita. Accepting different viewpoints stay equivalent, a supported increment in genuine GDP would build the countrys way of life gave the yield increments at a quicker rate contrasted with the all out populace (Riley, 2006). The benefit of utilizing genuine GDP per capita is that the nation organizers and economy organizers can create monetary arrangements and advancement plans since the pattern in the GDP per capita at a particular period would mirror the expectations for everyday comforts of the populace (Madsen, 2006). In this way, identifying with the paper article in the inquiry, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, had uncovered the New Economic Model 2010 in light of the fact that the legislature accepts that the expectations for everyday comforts of Malaysians can be additionally improved. Be that as it may, there are impediments to the use of genuine GDP per capita as a proportion of expectations for everyday comforts. The inability to consider the appropriation of salary is one of its weaknesses. Since genuine GDP per capita (per capita pay) is a marker of the normal expectation for everyday comforts of individual individuals from the populace, it can't extend the real expectations for everyday comforts of the populace (Madsen, 2006). Pay of the populace differs as indicated by the land district (Hillstrom, n.d.). Some portion of the populace might be getting their pay from the assembling business though another part could be winning their pay from the travel industry division. Per capita pay likewise differs extraordinarily all through the world. As indicated by Susan Dentzer in U.S. News and World Report, in 1988 the main 20 percent of nations around the world (in light of yearly national pay) detailed per capita pay calculates a normal of multiple times more prominent than the last 20 percent of nations. As of the last quarter of 2009, Malaysias per capita salary (Gross National Income per capita) figure remains at RM25,201 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The genuine GDP likewise doesn't take into

Dan Harris on the Utility of Worry

Dan Harris on the Utility of Worry In this video excerpt from Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things?, ABC News anchorman and 10% Happier author Dan Harris? discusses how mindfulness helps decrease worry in our daily lives. See the film: MinimalismFilm.com. You can also check out our longform written interview with Dan Harris here. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

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9 Creative Ideas for Teaching Time

Teaching time can be tricky and frustrating at times, but hands-on and lots of practice will help the concept stick. Judy clocks are excellent clocks for kids to use since the hour hand moves when the minute hand goes around, just like the real thing. The following ideas are from homeschoolers, teachers, and others who submitted creative teaching strategies on an online forum Make a Clock For telling time, you could make a clock, using strong paper and a brad in the middle, and practice telling time. Start with the oclock times, then move on to 30s. After that, show that the numbers around the face have the minute value which is reached when you count by 5s, and practice telling time with the minute hand on the numbers. (Make sure you progress the hour hand as you go. They need to get used to the idea that at 4:55, the hour hand will look like its on the 5.) –Anachan Start with Hours For telling time, we made a clock out of a paper plate and used a paper fastener to attach to construction paper hands. You can move the hands to demonstrate different times. I started with teaching hours (9 oclock, 10 oclock, etc.), then did quarter and half hours, and finally minute increments. –chaimsmo1 Start Later I didnt introduce time and money until toward the end of 1st grade. Its easier to understand quarter-past and half past once you have covered fractions. Of course, we talk about time and money in our daily life long before the end of first grade. –RippleRiver Telling Time Job I always ask her to provide me the time. It is just one of her jobs. It is also her job to adjust the thermostat. She will read me the numbers and I will tell her what to change it to or how many to change it by, etc. –FlattSpurAcademy Count by 5s on Watch For my son, since hed learned how to count by 5s, I taught him to count by 5s on his watch. He picked this up really well. We did have a little adjusting to do with the times that were near the next hour because it always looks like the next hour, but he learned to really pay attention to where the little hand was (just before the next number, etc.). To me, I find it confusing (and a waste) to show a breakdown of hour, half-hour, learn that, then break it down more... the same time could be spent learning the count by 5s. I havent taught him how to count by exact number yet (12:02 example), but will be doing that this year. –AprilDaisy1 Time Story Problems Personally, I wouldnt start with money and time until she has mastered counting by 5s and 10s. This way, it will become very easy for her to understand the principles in figuring out the time and amount of change, etc. My son only knew the value of coins and telling time by oclock and half-past in kindergarten. Now, he is able to make change, count change, and tell time. He is now learning how to figure out time sentence problems (e.g., How much time did it take, etc.) and he is starting 2nd grade. However, while in kindergarten and 1st grade, he was able to add and subtract very large numbers and carry-over, etc. So, dont be surprised if your child is not ready for this—especially if he/she cannot count by 5s and 10s first. –Kelhyder Teach it as it Happens Well, I have a kindergartener and were working on time and money right now. He actually is really good at time because we teach time as it happens. He realizes that his favorite show comes on at 4:00 pm, he knows that his friends come home from school at about 3:00 pm, etc. He learns because he asks. Also, when he went to visit my parents this summer, they bought him an analog watch and taught him how to tell time on it. Hes not perfect at it, but he can get it down to the hour now. But yes, time is definitely better taught as it happens. Thats also how I learned analog time when I was a kid. –Erin The Shiny Pocket Watch To teach my son to tell time, once he understood the basics, we went to a store and he picked out a pocket watch that caught his eye. I told him it was up to him to make sure we always knew the time. He was excited to have any excuse to pull out that shiny watch and use it. It reinforced his time telling skills and now every time he sees it, he can remember that special time we spent together. –Misty Name the Hands I realized it is helpful if you give the names to the following hand: Second hand Second hand (keep it the same)Big hand Minute HandSmall hand Name Hand You can explain now or later that its not really called the name hand, but it will make it easier to learn for now. Start off by teaching the time at the top of the hours. Put the clock at 3:00 and ask what number does the name hand point to? When he says, 3, say that means its 3 oclock. Next, change it to 4. Now what time does the name hand point to? etc. Mix it up after a few times. Once the child seems to understand that, ask him or her to make a time and tell you what it is. If they go to something other than an oclock, (like 3:20), feel free to tell them what time that is, but say that the big hand has to be facing up for it to be three oclock. Explain youll learn the rest of it another day (or teach it to them later after they have mastered the oclock part. Every child will be different.) –Matt Bronsil

Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group (Aa) Free Essays

Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group (AA) Location: Wesley Church on Barstow The support group I attended was on October 19th, 2012 at 12pm at Wesley Church located on Barstow Avenue. It was in the Winterburg Education Building in room 3. A gentleman by the name of Andy was leading the group. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group (Aa) or any similar topic only for you Order Now He first said a prayer and then asked if there were any new members. There were none so he asked if there were visitors. I introduced myself and said I was a Fresno State nursing student. He then said today they were going to talk about Step 12, which was about service. Service was about introducing AA to people that could benefit from the program. Before you were expected to complete step 12, they wanted you to complete steps 1-11 first. The first person that spoke about his past was the leader, Andy. He shared with everyone that he had had three divorces and at one point his children didn’t talk to him. Alcoholism destroyed his life in his early years. He’s now twenty years sober. His last wife never came back to him but his children have since come back into his life. He leads AA meetings now because he expressed how AA helped him get his life back into order. Next to speak was a gentleman by the name of Rich. He was 257 days sober. He said that he is nowhere near step 12 but was hoping down the road he will make it there. He talked about having depression, diabetes type 2 and alcoholism. Alcoholism runs in his family. A year ago he almost died from diabetic ketoacidosis. That’s when he decided to turn his life around. He felt that he was given a second chance at life and wanted to do positive things. He said that drinking doesn’t produce anything positive and he wanted to make the most of the rest of his life. A lady by the name of Carmen spoke next. She was three months sober. She talked about how her brother doesn’t believe this will be long term. She always falls back into drinking. Carmen wants to prove to not only her brother, but herself, that she will remain sober for the rest of her life. She said that this time different because she has recruited God’s strength and that will help her get through it. The other two people at the meeting declined to speak. They said they just wanted to listen. During the rest of the meeting, Andy spoke more about Step 12 and how to get to that step. Next was another prayer while everyone joined hands. The meeting ended at 1:10pm. I observed the following Yalom’s Curative Factors during the AA meeting: 1. Instillation of Hope – faith that the treatment mode can and will be effective. All the members felt that with God’s strength they can overcome the impossible. 2. Universality – demonstration that we are not alone in our misery or our â€Å"problems†. By attending the AA meetings, the members knew that they were not alone and there are others struggling with the same issue. 3. Imparting of information – didactic instruction about mental health, mental illness, psychodynamics or whatever else might be the focal problem of the group. Ex. OCOA, Alanon; learning about the disease process itself). It’s important for members to get facts about their condition through formal teaching. 4. Altruism – opportunity to rise out of oneself and help somebody else; the feeling of usefulness. Altruism was discussed in Step 12. 5. Corrective recapitulation of primary family group – experiencing transference relationships growing out of primary family experiences providing the opportunity to relearn and clarify distortions. Members learned that they could resolve issues from the past with their family members that stemmed from alcoholism. . Development of socializing techniques – social learning or development of interpersonal skills. When the AA members shared their experiences and received feedback from them they were developing new social skills. 7. Imitative behavior – taking on the manner of group members who function more adequately. The members learned from Andy’s experience who has recovered. 8. Catharsis – opportunity for expression of strong affect. The AA members felt safe during the meeting to talk about their innermost feelings. 9. Existential factors – recognition of the basic features of existence through sharing with others (e. g. ultimate aloneness, ultimate death, ultimate responsibility for our own actions). The AA group helped the individuals take some direction in their life. 10. Group Cohesiveness: The members of the AA group felt like they can accomplish anything together as a team. 11. Interpersonal learning – receiving feedback from others and experimenting with new ways of relating. The AA members gained insight regarding how one perceives and is being perceived by others. How to cite Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group (Aa), Papers

napster Argumentative Essay Example For Students

napster Argumentative Essay James A. IrvinBUSI 472Case #5Napster: The Debate Over Copyright InfringementIn early 1999, Shawn Fanning, a Northeastern University freshman, created Napster software. That summer he made it available for free through his Napster.com website. Napster is a peer-to-peer technology, which makes it possible for users to freely share their music files through the internet with other users all over the world. Specifically, this is how Napster works:1.)A user sends a request for a song. 2.)Napster checks its database of music to see if the song is on the PC hard-drive of another Napster user whose computer is turned on (Note: No music is stored onNapster servers). 3.)Napster finds the song. We will write a custom essay on napster Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 4.)Napster sends the song in MP3 format to the user who requestedOn December 6, 1999 the record industry sued Napster in Federal District Court for copyright infringements, and petitioned that court to shut down Napster. On July 26, 2000 the judge issued a temporary injunction to shut down Napster, and the next day Napster appealed the ruling before the U.S. Court of Appeals in San Francisco. The following day the Appeals Court granted Napster temporary reprieve against injunction so they could further review the injunction request. On October 2, 2000 the opposing parties presented their supporting arguments before the Court. The case was finally resolved on February 12, 2001 when a ruling by the District Court of Appeals upheld the original ruling that Napster was aware its users were swapping copyrighted materials. Subsequently, Napster was ordered to stop allowing its millions of users to swap copyrighted material without a fee. There are several ethical issues involved in this ca se. First is the theft of the copyrighted music produced by artists who have not given Napster the right to transmit their music. Secondly, is the right of Napster to provide a legitimate service to consumers, and how that right has been attacked by artists in the recording industry. There are, indeed, two sides to this story. The stakeholders involved in this case are the artists, the recording industry as a whole, retailers, and consumers. All of these stakeholders are affected equally in this matter. The artists, recording industry, and music retailers face substantial loss of income if consumers realize, and decide, that they can simply download music instead of purchasing it. Likewise, the consumer now has the opportunity to obtain music for free for which they otherwise would have had to pay, perhaps an artificially high price. Among the Biblical standards present in this case are trust, respect, responsibility, fairness, and citizenship. With respect to trust, Napster claims that it has put trust in its users that they will not download or share copyrighted material. Though Napster itself does not steal any copyrighted material, it has been proven that, more often than not, its users do. Napster users have not shown respect for the autonomy of the artists who produce the copyrighted music that they are downloading. Though the company is receiving much criticism, Napster has shown some semblance of responsibility, fairness, and citizenship. Napster has demonstrated responsibility by offering $1 billion to the recording industry to settle its lawsuit. It has demonstrated fairness and citizenship by cooperating with the due process of the law and obeying the commands of the Court. The company was sued, then filed an appeal to the decision handed down by the court, lost its appeal, and finally abided by the courts ruling. One alternative Napster could pursue would be to work with the music industry to distribute certain sample tracks to the public.These tracks could be distributed royalty-free as promotion for the album, or Napster could agree to pay royalties. A cooperative effort with the music industry has the advantage of being totally legal and stopping all conflicts between Napster and the RIAA. However, such a model would mean a great reduction in the number of songs available and would eliminate the sharing aspect of the program. .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .postImageUrl , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:hover , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:visited , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:active { border:0!important; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:active , .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391 .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18da4055289a79b5f89b65e4cbf49391:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Menschenschreck Analysis EssayAnother option for Napster, though it would be unethical, would be that being adopted by other similar information-sharing applications like Freenet and Gnutella is to make file transfers over the application anonymous. Adding to that, the fact that the central servers themselves do not have to contain any copyrighted files, tracking down users breaching copyright legislation will be incredibly difficult. Advantage of the anonymous peer-to-peer model is that if no corporation, individual or other entity claims ownership, no one can be sued. And because no files are stored on the central server, no copyright is being infringed there. The disadv antage of this method, would be that Napster would still be breaking the law, and undoubtedly new legislation would be brought in and measures would be taken to stop the service. Furthermore, if Napster could not take credit officially for their software, then they could not profit from it, something they need to do, considering the investment in the company. Perhaps the optimal solution for Napsters dilemma is the possibility of a cable TV type payment. Users pay a certain monthly fee for all the downloaded music they wanted. They could chat with their favorite artists, get first claim on concert tickets, and browse possible downloads by genre. The new system would pay the artists their royalties and sell millions of older titles that at present are sitting in vaults because no stores will give them shelf space. This option has the advantages of cooperation between the music industry and Napster. Napster users will have the same type of service as they do now, with extras so they wont have to turn to no-fee options (Gnutella and Freenet). Music companies will be able to use the Internet for sales of all their merchandise. If music companies can package a better experience people will pay for it. In a recent survey of college students more than two thirds of the respondents would be willing to pay for a $20 dollar monthly fee of a similar service. The only foreseeable disadvantage of this solution is the plausibility of the record companies cooperating in such an effort.

Informed Consent Dental Treatment free essay sample

Three legal standards for medical care, child patients, liability, court decisions, risk disclosure and written consent. Informed Consent and Dental Treatment This paper will discuss the issue of informed consent in the area of dentistry. The first part of the paper will discuss the standards used to define informed consent. The second part of the paper will examine what information is considered material and therefore necessary for disclosure. The third part of the paper will look at the unique problems presented by child patients. The fourth part will discuss the issue of implied consent. The last part will discuss some of the specific information which must be disclosed. Informed consent in dental treatment is identical to that in other types of medical treatment. The general rule in all cases involving medical treatment is that the prior consent of the patient is required in order for a physician to provide such treatment. We will write a custom essay sample on Informed Consent Dental Treatment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 

Developing Managerial Talent Through Simulation

Developing Managerial Talent Through Simulation In the last 35 years, simulations have been used with increasing frequency in the development of managerial talent. In various forms, simulations of managerial and organizational activities have been used to study administrative behavior (Hemphill, Griffiths, Fredericksen, 1962), assess potential (Thornton Byham, 1982), enhance managerial skills (McCall Lombardo, 1978), diagnose training needs (Stumpf, 1988a, 1988b), foster team building among groups of managers (Kaplan, Lombardo, Mazique, 1985), and evaluate the effectiveness of managerial training (Moses Ritchie, 1975). In this article, we evaluate how simulations have contributed to the development of managerial talent by summarizing theory, research, and practice in three areas: research on managerial behavior, assessment of managerial abilities, and training managerial skills.Definitions and BackgroundOur review of simulations covers what is formally called gaming simulations (Jones, 1972). A simulation is a model or repres entation of real-world events in which elements are depicted by symbols or numbers or in physical form.A discrete and stochastic simulation of the repres...In a simulation, some essential features of an activity are duplicated without portraying reality itself (Jones, 1972)-for example, something as simple as the interactions of a manager and subordinate dealing with a performance problem on the job, or something as complex as an island nation faced with multiple economic and political crises (Streufert, Pogash, Piasecki, 1988). A game involves one or more players who are given background information to study, rules and conditions to follow, and roles to play. The essential feature of a game is the interactive process of players and the system (Jones, 1972).When gaming simulations are used for assessing individuals, they are often called performance tests or exercises (Cronbach, 1970) or, when set in the context of an organization, business games. We have restricted this review of business games to simulations of social interactions, general management processes, and decision making...

The rehabilitation act of 1973 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Not necessary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Not necessary - Research Paper Example After identification of constituencies, objectives should be set and proper communication channels should be adopted for delivering the probable crisis information to the constituencies (Argenti, 2007). According to Fowler, et.al (2007), top level and middle level managers are much more prepared for crisis as compared to employees. Learning is also a part of the crisis preparation. If the organizations are well prepared before occurrence of a crisis, the employees and management learn from their taken actions and also learn to change according to the needs of a new crisis. The management of an organization plays an active role in preparing for a crisis. In learning from crisis events, there are several barriers for organizations. According to Smith and Elliott (2007), crisis should be used as a means for learning, organizations should learn from crisis, about crisis and for crisis. Learning is not an easy process as there are hindrances in learning such as environmental changes, value systems, refusal of expert opinions and ineffective communication (Smith and Elliott, 2007). Corporate communication is an attractive course and I think that I will be able to obtain much more until the end of this course. In a business setting, communication plays a crucial role and its importance cannot be negated in any circumstances. As a student of corporate communication, I have researched about Primo Small goods Company, which is a meat company in Australia. My learning experience with the company was a good one as I was able to assess corporate environment practically. These kinds of assignments are really helpful for students and provide them a chance to get better equipped with skills that will be required in their future lives and careers. Learning is essential for all the students and I feel that the corporate communication course is providing its students with multiple opportunities to learn. Without effective communication, our day-to-day

Single Stage H Biased Amplifier Biology Essay

Single Stage H Biased Amplifier Biology Essay The objective of this laboratory exercise was to design, simulate, build and test a single stage H- biased amplifier to design specifications and requirements. The design specified a voltage gain of 50 be obtained, a lower cut off frequency of 100Hz and maximum symmetrical swing. An NPN 2N3904 transistor was to be used, with a supply voltage of 15volts. A 100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ load resistor was also required in the design. The values for the components involved in the design were first calculated, using logical deductions, and then simulated using the software Multisim. The H- biased amplifier was then built on a solder less bread board. The various values were measured in the laboratory using the appropriate equipment. Analysis of the calculated, simulated and measured values was done. The results were discussed and used to determine whether the specifications were met. This laboratory exercise was an introduction to the design of electronic devices. Valuable knowledge and practical skills were gained in performing this exercise. This knowledge would prove useful in future designs. Contents Table of Figures List of Tables List of Symbols/ Abbreviations A Amperes AC Alternative Coupling Av Voltage Gain BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor Ci Input Capacitor Co Output Capacitor CE Emitter Capacitor (By pass) dB Decibels DC Direct Coupling f Frequency hfe Current Gain hie Emitter Input Impedance Hz Hertz I Current IB Base Current IC Collector Current IE Emitter Current I1 Current through R1 I2 Current through R2 K.V.L Kirchhoffs Voltage Law k- Kilo m milli R Resistance R1 Resistor 1 R2 Resistor 2 RE Emitter Resistor Re Unbypassed Emitter Resistor RE* Recalculated Emitter Resistor RC Collector Resistor RL Load Resistor RTH Thevenins Equivalent Resistance V- Voltage VB Voltage across Base VBE Base Emitter Voltage VCC Supply Voltage VCE Voltage across Collector and Emitter VRC Voltage across Collector Resistor VRE Voltage across Emitter Resistor VTH Thevenins Equivalent Voltage VR1- Voltage across R1 VR2 Voltage across R2 XCE Reactance of CE XCi Reactance of Ci XCo Reactance of Co Zi Input Impedance Zo Output Impedance à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Ohms Introduction The following gives a brief description of the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). A Bipolar Junction Transistor is an active semiconductor device formed by joining two P-N junctions whose function is amplification of an electric current. (Seale 2003). The transistor can also be used for the purposes of switching. However, in this exercise, the focus is centered on the application of amplification. A bipolar junction transistor consists of three regions of doped semiconductors. P- type and N- type semiconductor materials are alternatively joined together to form the transistor. This therefore results in 2 PN junctions. The transistor consists of three regions, namely, the emitter, the base and the collector. The diagram below illustrates the basic structure of a transistor, showing the PN junctions and the emitter, base and collector. BJT layers Figure : Transistor Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) From the diagram it is easily seen that one P-N junction is between the emitter and the base and the other P-N junction is between the collector and the base. Since the emitter and collector are usually doped somewhat differently, they are rarely electrically interchangeable. (Seale 2003). The base also forms the mechanical base for the structure. (Seale 2003). The base region is made as thin as possible (about 10-6m) to get a reasonable good levels of current gain.(Seale 2003). Furthermore, it is made thin for easier passage of electrons through the base region to the collector. Bipolar transistors are either NPN or PNP, based on the arrangement of their N-type and P-type materials. An NPN transistor is formed by sandwiching a very thin region of P-type between two regions of N-type materials. Figure 2 below shows an NPN transistor, while figure 3 shows the symbol used to represent it. NPN layers Figure : NPN Transistor Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) Figure : NPN Transistor SymbolImage Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) Similarly, a PNP transistor is formed by sandwiching a very thin region of N-type between two regions of P-type materials. Figure 4 below shows the PNP transistor, while figure 5 shows the symbol used to represent it. Figure : PNP TransistorPNP layers Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) Figure : PNP Transistor SymbolImage Source: http://encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net/articles/bip_junct_trans.html (accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:44pm.) (It should be noted that the circle around the transistor usually not seen when the transistor is drawn in circuit diagrams.) It is clear that the distinguishing characteristic of the two transistor symbols is the direction of the arrow. A transistor in a circuit will be in one of three conditions: Cut off (no collector current). In this region it can be used as switch. In the active region (some collector current, more than a few tenths of a volt above the emitter. In this region, it can be used for amplifier applications. In saturation (collector a few tenths of a volt above emitter), large current useful for switch on applications.(Nave) The figure below illustrates these regions of operation. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/imgsol/tran6.gif Figure : Regions of Operation of the Transistor Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans2.html#c4 , accessed November 17th 2010 at 5:40 pm. A NPN transistor was used to in this laboratory exercise to act as an amplifier. The transistor must therefore be in the active region. Background Theory The following describes the reasons for the choice of biasing arrangement and type of configuration. Possible applications of the design project are also included. For transistors to produce amplification, an operating point must first be established. Since a transistor can act as an amplifier in the active region, it is here that the operating point is established. This operating point is fixed, and so it is referred to as a quiescent point (Q point). This is known as biasing. This operating point is the point where the applied signal would be amplified. Therefore it is required that this point be constant. Biasing is the operation of setting an operating point within an operating range and the purpose of bias design is to set the collector current of a transistor to a specific value and keep deviations due to temperature and beta variations to a specified minimum.(Kuhn 2008) Biasing can take two forms, fixed biasing and H biasing. The fixed bias design works with a transistor with an appropriate current gain, beta. Temperature changes results in a change of beta. This results in a variation of Ic and consequently, the Q point changes. Hence, the fixed biased arrangement is thermally unstable. In the H biased design, the Q points are independent of beta and therefore the Q points are more stable. Two resistors form a potential divider and fix the base potential. Since the base potential is kept nearly constant, if Ic changes, an increase potential drop would develop across RE and VBE would decrease. This results in Ic dropping to its original value. This biased arrangement is therefore thermally stable. Due to this thermal stability, the H biased arrangement was chosen in preference to the fixed biased arrangement. Now, though the H biasing arrangement was chosen, the type of configuration was still undecided. Three types of configurations exist. These include the common emitter, common base and common collector. According to Kuhn 2008, in general, the best amplifier to use is the one whose input resistance is comparable to the source resistance and whose output resistance is comparable to the load resistance. Source Resistance/ Load resistance Good Choice of Amplifier to consider Greater than 10 Common Collector 2 -10 Common Collector or Common Emitter 0.5 -2 Common Emitter 0.1 -0.5 Common Emitter or Common Base Less than 0.1 Common Base Table Showing Choice of Amplifier based on Source/Load Resistance Source: http://www.kennethkuhn.com/students/ee351/text/bjt_general_design.pd, accessed 17th November 2010 at 5:17 pm. It can be shown that the common-emitter amplifier is capable of achieving the highest possible power gain. He concludes by saying that, overall, the common-emitter amplifier is the most flexible in terms of input and output resistance while also achieving reasonable power gain. Therefore, the common emitter configuration was chosen. Figure 7 shows this configuration. Figure 7: Common Emitter Configuration Source: Electronic Workbench Software- Multisim Figure 7: Common Emitter ConfigurationQ1 2N3904 Vcc R1 R2 Re RE* Rc RL Co Ci CE This design project would serve as an introduction to the practical application of electronics. With the experience, knowledge and understanding gained in designing and the building the circuit, more advanced and complex circuits could possibly be built. These circuits would then be used in everyday applications, e,g a microphone, speaker or perhaps a new innovation. This simple circuit in itself could be used to amplify signals with the appropriate adjustments. Design Objectives The following shows the specifications required for the design of the amplifier. The specifications involved in the design of the single stage H-biased amplifier were as follows: Voltage gain of 50 Lower cut off frequency less than 100Hz Maximum symmetrical swing Supply voltage of 15volts It was required that a small signal NPN 2N3904 transistor be used in the design. A fixed load resistance of 100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ was also required. Method The following shows the apparatus and materials used in the design project, the operating conditions, how the various resistor and capacitor values were obtained and the basic laboratory procedure. Apparatus and Materials The following shows a list of the apparatus and materials used in overall design and building of the amplifier. 2N3904 NPN Transistor Solder less Bread board Resistors (56à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 680à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 3.6kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦, 62kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦,10kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦,100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Capacitors (4.7uF, 47uF ,330uF) Connecting wires Pliers Dual trace Oscilloscope Power Supply Function Generator Multi-meter LRC meter Analysis of Operating Conditions The following gives an analysis of the operating conditions for the circuit. The design of the amplifier consisted of two types of operating conditions. These included the DC conditions and the AC conditions. The DC and AC conditions were not mixed. Therefore each type of operating condition was considered individually. DC Analysis The following describes the operating conditions for the DC analysis. In DC circuits, capacitors act as an open circuit. In an open circuit, no current flows. Therefore the capacitors were omitted when considering the operating conditions for DC. For the transistor to function as an amplifier, the various quiescent currents and voltages associated with it need to be known. Also, the resistor values need to be known. Therefore, some calculations must first be made. The figure below shows the circuit required for DC analysis. Figure : Circuit Required for DC Analysis Figure : Circuit Required for DC AnalysisVcc R2 RE Rc Q1 2N3904 R1 Figure 8: Circuit Required for DC Analysis Source: Electronic Workbench Software Multisim Note that this circuit is similar to figure 7. However, the capacitors were omitted as they are part of the AC analysis. The supply voltage, , was given as 15 volts. Determining Ic The following describes how the value of Ic , was chosen. The transistor datasheet (found in the appendix) was used to choose an appropriate value for. Firstly, the graph of Typical Pulsed Current Gain vs Collector Current, , was used. Since the quiescent points are independent of beta, ÃŽÂ ², (), then the exact value of ÃŽÂ ² becomes irrelevant. Hence, beta can be chosen as any appropriate value. Since the operating temperature for the transistor was room temperature, therefore, the graph at 25 °C was selected. From the graph it was seen that beta was relatively constant at an of 2mA. Due to this constant beta, a selection of 2mA for was made. It was found that beta was approximately 230. It should be noted that a value of 1mA could also have been chosen, based on the same criteria upon which was chosen. To add some justification to the value chosen, the graph of Base- Emitter ON voltage vs Collector Current was also considered. It was known that an approximate value for was 0.68V. Using again the graph at room temperature, (25 °C), the corresponding value for a voltage of 0.68 was 2mA. Since multiple graphs indicated that a value of 2mA would be appropriate, therefore, was chosen to be 2mA. Calculation of The following shows the steps involved in determining the value of. A requirement was maximum symmetrical swing. That is, must be able to increase and decrease by the same value. From the circuit,( figure 8), is in series with the emitter of transistor, and therefore in series with the voltage. Since would cause a voltage drop, , across itself, this would therefore reduce the voltage . This voltage drop across, that is, would therefore limit the symmetrical swing. So, to obtain maximum symmetrical swing, it was desired that be negligible, when compared to the voltage drop across. With a small , then would be large, and hence produce maximum symmetrical swing. Since 10% can be considered negligible in comparison to 90%, it was therefore assumed that was one tenth the supply voltage. That is,= 1/10..[1] Since was given as 15volts, then, = 1/10 (15) = 1.5 volts Ohms law was applied, Then, = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [2] In the circuit, the current which flows through , was the same current . (It is seen later that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[20]) Therefore, = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[3] The formula was rearranged to make the subject, =à ·. Since = 2mA, Therefore,= 1.5Và ·2mA So, = 750à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Calculation for The following shows the steps involved in determining the value of. The design for maximum symmetrical swing was considered here. Applying Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (K.V.L) to the circuit: = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[4] Equation [4] was rearranged giving the equation: = So, = -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[5] Recall, for maximum symmetrical swing, that must increase and decrease by the same value. This implies that would therefore be equal to. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[6] Therefore, = -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[7] So, 2=-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[8] Hence, =-) à ·2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[9] Where =15V and =1.5V Therefore = (15-1.5) à ·2 =13.5 à ·2 = 6.75V Ohms law was applied, = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[10] The formula was rearranged to make the subject giving, = à ·, Since = 2mA Therefore, = (6.75V) à · 2mA = 3375à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Calculation for values of and The following shows the steps involved in determining the value of and . The circuit in figure 8 was firstly redrawn as shown in figure 9. This was done so that the Thevenins model of the circuit could be easily obtained. Figure 10 shows the Thevenins model for the circuit. Q1 2N3904 Vcc R1 R2 RE Rc Vcc Figure : Redrawn Circuit from Figure 8 Source: Electronic Workbench Software- Multisim Q1 2N3904 Vcc RTH Re Rc VTH Figure 10: Thevenins Model of the Circuit Source: Electronic Workbench Software From figure 9, Thevenins Theorem was applied for the resistance. This gave, = // à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[11] = ) à · à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[12] Below shows how an expression for was found. Since was in parallel with, therefore, the voltage across is the same as the voltage across. Voltage Divider Rule was applied to obtain: = à · ]* à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[13] K.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure 10, this resulted in, = ++à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[14] But = +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[15] So, by substitution of equation [4] into equation [3] gives, = +++à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[16] Also, = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[17] Substituting [17] in [16] gives, = ++ (ÃŽÂ ²+ = ++ (1+ÃŽÂ ² = + {1+ÃŽÂ ²)+ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[18] Rearranging [18] to make the subject of the formula gives, +{1+ÃŽÂ ²)+ = +{1+ÃŽÂ ²) =- Therefore, =- à · +{1+ÃŽÂ ²)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[19] Since hfe is high, to ensure that IB does not cause variations in VB, IB was chosen as one tenth . Also, Recall [15]:= + In transistor designs, the base current, , is made much smaller than the collector current. (recall from introduction). Hence, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[20] Since is therefore significantly smaller than, then, it can be said that is negligible when compared to. Therefore, it was assumed that was one tenth of. So =1/10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[21] Since = 2mA Hence,=1/10 (2mA) So,= 0.2mA Since = I2, then, I2 = 0.2mA When the transistor is on, also known as being forward biased, there is a voltage drop of 0.7 volts across the base-emitter.i.e. = 0.7 volts. K.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure, V2=+à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[22] Ohms law was used, I2R2= +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[23] The formula was rearranged to make R2 the subject, R2 =+) à · I2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[24] Since = 1.5V, = 0.7V and I2 = 0.2mA Then, I2R2= (1.5V +0.7V) Therefore, R2 = (1.5V +0.7V) à · 0.2mA R2 = 2.2V à · 0.2 mA Hence, R2 = 11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The Voltage divider rule was used to find the value of R1 So, VB =(R2 * ) à · (R1 +R2)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[25] The formula was rearranged to make R1 the subject. (R1 +R2) VB = (R2 * ) (R1 +R2) = (R2 * ) à · VB Therefore, R1 = [(R2 * ) à · VB ] R2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[26] So, R1= [(11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ *15V)à · 2.2V] 11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1= [(165000)à · 2.2] 11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1= 75000-11000 Therefore, R1 =64000à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ R1 = 64kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The following table shows the calculated and standard resistor values. The standard resistor values represent the resistors that are available. It is unlikely that stores have a 3.375kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ resistor, hence a value close to it (3.6kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) would be chosen. Resistor Calculated Value (kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Standard Value(kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) RE 0.75 0.75 RC 3.375 3.6 R1 64 62 R2 11 10 Table Showing Calculated and Standard Resistor values Now that R1 and R2 have been calculated, VTH , RTH and IB , can now be calculated. Recall [12] = ) à · à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[12] Therefore, RTH = (64k*11k) à · (64k+11k) RTH = 9386.667à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Recall [13] = à · ]* à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[13] Therefore, = [ 11k à ·(11k +64k)]* 15 = 2.2V Therefore, IB can now be found. Recall [19] =- à · +{1+ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[19] So, IB = 2.2 -0.7 à · (9386.667 + {1+230}(750) IB = 0.0082mA AC Analysis The following describes the operating conditions for the AC analysis. The AC analysis was done using h-parameters. The figure below shows the circuit used for AC analysis. Q1 2N3904 Vcc R1 R2 Re RE* Rc RL Co Ci CE Figure : Circuit used for AC Analysis Source: Electronic Workbench Software- Multisim The equivalent of this circuit is shown below. Figure 12: Equivalent Circuit Source: Electronic Workbench Software-Multisim Figure : Equivalent Circuit hfeIB R1 hie R2 Re Rc RL K.V.L was applied and the result was obtained. (Re and RE* were taken as a single resistor, RE) So, Vin= hie IBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[27] And Vo= hfeIB(Rc//RL)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[28] Since voltage gain is given by, Av = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[29] Therefore, Av = -hfeIB(Rc//RL) à · hie IBà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[30] Hence, Av =- hfe(Rc//RL) à · hieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[31] The value for Av was therefore found. In the transistor data sheet, using the graph of Input Impedance, it was seen that at a collector current, of 2mA, that the corresponding hie value was 2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. The graph of Typical Pulsed Current Gain vs , hfe was 230. Av = 230( 3375//100000) à · 2000 Av = -230 ( 3265) à · 2000 Av = -(750950) à · 2000 Therefore, Av = 375.475 However, the design specified a voltage gain of 50. Since 375.475 is greater than 50, the resistor RE was split into two smaller resistors, Re and RE*. The resistor RE* was bypassed with a capacitor. (Page 28 shows theoretically how the introduction of the bypass capacitor reduces the gain of the amplifier.) Calculation of Re and RE* The following shows the method in which Re and RE* were determined K.V.L was applied to the circuit in figure 12. At the input, Vin = IBhie + (IB +hfeIB) Reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[32] Vin = IB (hie + (1 +hfe) Re )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[33] At the output, Vo = -IBhfe (Rc //RL)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[34] Therefore, voltage gain, Av = Voà · Vinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [29] Av = -IBhfe(Rc //RL) à · [IB(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[35] [35] Simplified was to, Av = hfe(Rc //RL) à · [(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[36] The formula,[36] was rearranged to make Re the subject. So, [(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )] = hfe(Rc //RL) à · Av [(1 +hfe) Re ] = [ hfe(Rc //RL) à · Av ] hie Therefore , Re = {[ hfe(Rc //RL) à · Av ] hie }à · (1+ hfe )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[37] The appropriate values were substituted into the equation and the value of Re was determined. Since the desired gain is 50, hence, Av is substituted as 50. Re = {[ 230(3375 //100) à · -50 ] 2000 }à · (1+ 230) Re = {[ 230(3265) à · -50 ] 2000 }à · ( 231) Re = {[ 15019 ] 2000 }à · ( 231) Re = {13019}à · ( 231) Re = 56.359 Therefore, Re = 56à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Since RE = Re + RE*à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[38] Then , 750 = 56 + RE* Therefore, RE* = 694à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ The following table shows the calculated and standard resistor values for Re and RE*. The standard values represent the values of resistors that were available. Resistor Calculated value (kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Standard value (kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) Re 0.056359 0.056 RE* 0.694 0.680 Table Showing Calculated standard resistor value Calculation for Capacitor values, Ci ,Co and CE The following shows the steps involved in the calculations of Ci , CO and CE. Ci and CO act as decoupling capacitors in the circuit. The power supply decoupling capacitors filter undesired electronic signals which have been coupled onto the power supply voltage. (Kelly and Emad 1998). Essentially, what this means is that the decoupling capacitors block the DC voltage while permitting the AC to flow. This prevents the DC signal from affecting the bias. Also, it blocks the DC from reaching the AC input source. The main function of the bypass capacitor was to reduce the gain of the amplifier to the desired value. Without the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier was given by, Av =- hfe(Rc//RL) à · hieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[31] With the introduction of the bypass capacitor, the gain was now denoted by, Av = hfe(Rc //RL) à · [(hie + (1 +hfe) Re )]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[36] From these two equations, since the numerator is the same, and the denominator is larger in [36], hence, the value of Av would be smaller. Therefore, the gain would be reduced with the introduction of the bypass capacitor. Also, the bypass capacitor is to filter out noise at high frequencies. Basically, as the frequency of a signal increases and the pulse width decreases, the impedance of the capacitor decreases and the bypass capacitor acts as a short circuit to these high frequency charges. The dissipation of high frequency charge is related to the value of the capacitor and the subsequent series resistance associated with it. (Wenzel et al.1997.) Firstly, when a particular capacitor was being analyzed, (to be calculated), the other two capacitors were considered as short circuits. This was done so that the effect of the individual capacitor on the circuit could be analyzed. Capacitors act as short circuits, allowing current to flow through them and bypassing the component. The reactance of a capacitor, Xc, is given by, Xc =1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fC)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[39] where f is the frequency. There would be a voltage drop across the capacitor. With respect to the capacitor at the input, this voltage drop across the capacitor would therefore limit the voltage across the resistors R1 and R2 .Hence , reduce the voltage being sent to the input of the amplifier to be amplified. It is desired that the maximum voltage possible, be sent to the input to be amplified. Since this voltage drop across the capacitor limits the voltage being sent to the input, it is therefore desired that the voltage drop across the capacitor be negligible in comparison to the input impedance of the circuit. Hence, the reactance of the capacitor was assumed to be one tenth of the input impedance, Zi. So, for capacitor Ci, , Reactance Xci = 1/10 Zià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[40] In figure 12 , the input impedance Zi is given by, Zi = R1 //R2//hieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..[41] In the transistor data sheet, using the graph of Input Impedance, it was seen that at a collector current, of 2mA, that the corresponding hie value was 2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Therefore, Zi = 64kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//11kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Zi =9.387kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//2kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ So, Zi = 1.649kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Now, Xci = 1/10 Zi Hence, Xci = 1/10(1.649kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) So, Xci = 164.9à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Recall [39], Xc =1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fC) Therefore, Xci =1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCi) The formula was rearranged to make Ci the subject. 2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCi =1à · Xci Therefore, Ci = 1à · (Xci *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.[41] Since f represents the lower cut off frequency, which was given as 100Hz. Hence the value for Ci was found. C i= 1à · (Xci *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f) Ci = 1à · (164.9 *2à Ã¢â€š ¬{100}) Ci = 1à · (103609.726) Ci = 0.00000965F So, Ci = 9.65uF A similar method was used to find CO. The reactance of the capacitor was considered negligible in comparison the output impedance. This was done so that there would be a minimal voltage drop across the capacitor and the maximum output voltage dropped across the load resistor, RL. So, XCO = 1/10 ZO, (similar to [40] ) Where ZO= (RC//RL) Then, ZO= (3.375kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦//100kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) So ZO= 3.265kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Since XCO = 1/10 ZO Then, XCO = 1/10(3.265kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ XCO =326.5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Now, XCO =1à ·(2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCO) The formula was rearranged to make CO the subject. The result was as follows. CO = 1à · (XCO *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f) Therefore CO =1à ·(326.5 *2à Ã¢â€š ¬*100) CO = 4.87uF Similarly, for CE. The reactance of the capacitor was considered negligible in comparison the output impedance. This was done so that there would be a minimal voltage drop across the capacitor and the maximum output voltage dropped across the resistor, Re. XCE = 1/10 Re XCE = 1/10 (56) XCE = 5.6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Since , XCE = 1à · (2à Ã¢â€š ¬fCE) The formula was rearranged to make CE the subject. The result was as follows. CE= 1à · (XCE*2à Ã¢â€š ¬f) CE = 1à · (5.6*2à Ã¢â€š ¬*100) CE = 284uF The following table shows the calculated, standard and the chosen capacitor values for Ci ,Co and Ce . Capacitor Calculated Value (uF) Standard Capacitor Value(uF) Capacitor value chosen (uF) Ci 9.65 10 ,47 47 Co 4.87 4.7 4.7 Ce 284 330 330 Table Showing Calculated and Standard Capacitor values The standard capacitor values represent the capacitor values that were available in stores. It is generally rare to find a capacitor value of exactly 4.87uF, hence a value of 4.7uF was chosen. The value of Ci was chosen to be 47uF instead of 10uf to ensure that the frequency was not exceeded. From the equation, C i= 1à · (Xci *2à Ã¢â€š ¬f), it was noticed that if that capacitor value was increased, the frequency would decrea

The Language of the Mafia Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Language of the Mafia Mobspeak is a language that grows out of secrecy, and who can be more secret than the Mafia? The anti-social nature of the Mob is the perfect breeding ground for an "Antilanguage," which is, according to M. A. K. Halliday, a language that develops out of an antisociety which stands as a mode of resistance' to the society within which it exists (Butler 1). In his 1976 article, Halliday suggests that in these societies, a type of language forms in an effort to exclude outsiders for various reasons. One striking reason for the existence of an antilanguage is to hide the activities of the group. Halliday gives evidence for this claim through the existence of Elizabethan thieves cant, a form of communication derived in the Calcuttan underworld that thieves use to speak to one another without fear of incriminating themselves. Similarly, the Mafia -- which is often the target of FBI wire-taps -- requires its own thieves cant. The Mob constantly tries to hide its activities from the authorit ies. One way to accomplish this goal is to use somewhat cryptic vocabulary. For instance, there are over twenty words for the verb to kill'. If someone were to disrespect The Family' somebody might do a piece of work on' him. He could get whacked, erased, burned, clipped, iced, or hit -- just to name a few. In order to have a full understanding of the Mafia's unique use of language it is necessary to realize the context in which it is used. The Mafia's major business is providing "protection" for merchants in their territory. Basically, they insure that no other criminals will give any of their clients trouble. However, when anything comes under mob protection, the Mafia considers itself its "owner". They do not offer... ...English. Virtually everything the Mafia does has an impact on its language. Many defining characteristics of Mobspeak spawn from the illegal activities of the organization. They speak in codes due to a requisite for secrecy. The same applies in their unreserved overuse of profanity -- another way of expressing power. Their linguistic characteristics are a reflection of their roguish behavior and lifestyle. Overall, the language of the mafia is unique in that employs Halliday's ideas of an antilanguage in a modern sense. Sources Cited Butler, Todd. Exploring the Antilanguage of Gangster Rap. The Secol Review V. 19 (Spring 1995): 1-24 Le Vien, Douglas, Jr. and Juliet Papa. The Mafia Handbook. New York: Penguin Books, 1993 Pieggi, Nicholas. Wiseguy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 Pieggi, Nicholas. Casino. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995

Losing Weight Expository Essay

Losing Weight COM/150 Effective Essay Writing (AXIA) Struggling with the issues of weight loss and living a healthier lifestyle. Losing weight could be a short term goal, but the main idea is to eat and maintain a healthier lifestyle. Many Americans struggle with difficulties of weight loss, not only losing the weight but keeping it off. Different methods are used for losing weight, such as, exercise, various types of dieting and some medically needed procedures. Even though weight loss is vital to many people’s careers and futures, it doesn’t mean that it’s easier for these people than it is for you and me. The difference is that most people have a state of mind that they can’t afford to fail. So they are willing to pay thousands of dollars for personal coaching and expensive surgical procedures to lose the weight and keep it off. On a long-term basis, there is only one safe, effective, foolproof way to get down to a lower weight and keep off the extra pounds. That is eating a healthier reduced-calorie diet and getting enough exercise on a daily basis. Many have come to think that eating fewer calories means eating less food. However, it doesn’t mean that you have to walk around in a state of deprivation. A feeling of deprivation is the surest way to make your weight-loss plan fail. Most people find themselves eating more food when they deprive themselves. Most first-time dieters don’t enjoy counting calories because they quickly discover that it is time consuming and can become a complicated chore. Calorie counting goes hand in hand with feeling deprived that sometimes causes a person to back away from their diet. Struggling with weight-loss can be a very serious issue. The quality of your life and how long you live is to a great extent in your own hands. For what you choose to eat largely determines whether your body wards off or becomes vulnerable to a host of life-shortening diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, stroke, hypertension, and heart disease. But changing to healthy eating habits, especially if you have not previously followed the guidelines recommended by nutritionists, can be a challenge. One could have a normal number of calories but have them all from fat, and cause other problems that can lead to heart disease or stroke. Having a similarly unbalanced diet with all the calories coming from carbohydrates can lead to insulin resistance and diabetes, plus it's a really easy way to gain weight as you get older. It also promotes dental problems, especially if it's foods that tend to get caught in your mouth or on your teeth. The easiest way to do that is to avoid or at least severely limit intake of fast foods, candies, snack foods, and sweet desserts. There are all kinds of health issues related to over consumption of sugar. Diabetes would be the number one health concern. But, diabetes is not the only ill effect from over consumption of sugar. Obesity, thyroid dysfunction, kidney malfunction, and intestinal problems can all be directly associated with too much sugar consumption. Once your body has reached the point of unhealthy functioning, or you have placed such a strain on your body from over consumption that one of the related diseases has taken hold, it's almost impossible to correct one problem without creating another. Once you have become a diabetic, there are so many complications; simply choosing dieting and exercise is no longer an option. The health concerns you now have far outweigh the easy solution of diet and exercise. However, high blood pressure is also a known risk factor, for those that are over weight and have lack of physical activity and does not maintain healthy eating habits. The more you weigh the more blood your body needs to supply oxygen and nutrients. As the volume of blood circulated through your blood vessels increases, so does the pressure on your arteries. People who are inactive tend to have higher heart rates. The higher your heart rate, the harder your heart must work with each contraction and the stronger the force on your arteries. Lack of physical activity also increases the risk of being overweight with stress that can lead to temporary high blood pressure. If you try to relax by eating more you may only increase the risk of having hypertension. How to be successful with weight loss for a healthier lifestyle most people start by eating the right foods that can help us avoid certain diseases or recover faster when illnesses occur. These and other important functions are fueled by chemical substances in our food called nutrients. Nutrients are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Although humans need food to survive, many people eat too much, or choose the wrong foods to eat, which leads to the body putting on weight. When you eat more calories than your daily energy requirements the extra calories are stockpiled as body-fat. Slowly these fat cells keep building up and settle on the hips, waist, thighs, upper arms and back, as well as around the heart, kidneys, liver and other organs. Fortunately body-fat can easily convert into energy; however, you must reduce your fat intake and exercise regularly. If you only reduce your fat and don't exercise, your body will also break down muscle tissue and use them for fuel. Many people struggle to lose weight that is put on and that's where weight loss companies come to the rescue. There are many different ways for weight to be lost, as there are many different sorts of weight loss companies. Firstly there is exercise centers such as gyms and recreation centers which focus on fitness as the key to lose weight, Many varieties of pills, tablets and vitamin supplements are available that claim to make you lose weight. Meal replacement programs are available where the consumer has a liquid drink instead of a meal and this provides them with necessary nutrients. Diet plans are commonly found in magazines as well as the more common weight loss centers which some supply you with foods to eat and others inform you and assist you in making wise food choices. In conclusion, I found in order to be successful with losing weight for a healthier lifestyle you can follow techniques such as, eating more vegetables during meals as water-rich foods like zucchini, tomatoes, and cucumbers reduce your overall calorie consumption. Some other water-rich foods include soups and salads; they are good source of nutrition, take most of the calories before noon because studies tell that the more you eat in the morning, the less you'll eat in the evening. Moreover, you will get more chances to burn off those early-day calories than late-night calories, make water your favorite drink. A person must have a minimum of 8 glasses of water in a day. Avoid taking soft drinks or carbonated beverages; moreover replace them with water. Water helps in reducing weight in the most effective manner. Avoid taking white foods as they contain large amounts of carbohydrates, which may further lead to weight gain. Replace white sugar, white rice, and white flour with whole grain breads and brown rice. Eat fruit rather than drinking fruit juice. Eating whole foods will keep you satisfied for longer period of time than juice. Moreover, fruit juices are very high in calories. Use skimmed milk as it is high in calcium and low in calories. For coffee, use nonfat powdered milk. Don't stuff yourself with food in a single sitting; instead have 5 to 6 small meals or snacks in a day. Eating several small meals helps the body to release less insulin, which keeps blood sugar steady and helps to control hunger. More and more methods develop each day but studies show the most effective method is changing your diet mentally and physically challenging yourself. Picture this: The weight is over. Of course, this essay is not promising you that you will add years to your life, or that a funny and fabulous new personality will emerge. Also, it is not promising that you will become thinner than you’ve ever been when changing your eating habits. What it is promising is that a changed relationship with your eating habits will add benefits to your life even as it subtracts pounds and takes away your fear of regaining weight. Knowledge is power, as the saying goes, and the knowledge you gain from this essay can give you the power you need to change the most constant, necessary, and ongoing relationship that you have, your relationship with food. The knowledge you take from this essay should give you a realistic sense of just what is an appropriate goal for you. Genetic predisposition and even psychological factors can affect your weight. Therefore, for the person you are, there’s an appropriate weight at which you’ll look and feel your best. That’s the goal you want to aim for and maintain. References {text:bibliography-mark} (http://exercise. about. com/cs/weightloss/a/howtoloseweight) (http://acefitness. org/blog/494/how-can-i-lose-weight-and-keep-it-off)

Female Teachers Arrested for Having Sex With Students