Romantic Love in William Shakespeares As You Like it and Twelfth Night

Romantic Love in William Shakespeare's As You Like it and Twelfth Night The fickleness of romantic love is a major theme in William Shakespeare’s comedies As You Like It and Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Shakespeare’s implicit social commentary takes the fundamentally masculine perspective of romantic relationships, which argues that a clear-cut dichotomy exists between love and physical attraction. According to evolutionary psychological theory, females often tend to automatically associate the emotion of love with physicality and the physical act of sex because an emotional bond with a mate is necessary in order to establish a secure family unit. Males, conversely, intellectually separate love from sexual desire because the essential masculine drive is to father as many offspring as possible, and to have strong emotional bonds with numerous mates is impracticable (Kenyon). By presenting women disguised as men who become the subject of other women’s â€Å"love† at first sight, Shakespeare argues that the feminine notion of a correlation between emotion and attraction is a fallacy worthy of comedic contempt. Amiens’s song from As You Like It sums up this argument. He sings, â€Å"Most friendship is feigning, most loving, mere folly† (As You Like It, II.vii.182). This is an ironic piece of verse, because it is sung in the forest by one of the attending lords of the banished duke. The reader could interpret the duke and his entourage as being symbolic of Robin Hood and his merry men (Moncrief), yet one would find it difficult to imagine Little John telling Robin Hood that his own friendship to Robin was feigning. Love at first sight is treated contemptuously in both As You Like It and Twelfth Night. In th... ...at they were physically attracted to Ganymede and Cesario, respectively. They were mistaken, however, when they attributed their attraction to the emotion of love. Love, in Shakespeare’s artistic portrayal of it, is a deceptive, ethereal phenomenon; false, fleeting, and unreliable. Works Cited Kenyon, Paul. â€Å"Evolutionary Psychology.† SALMON (Study and Learning Materials On-line). 4 Apr. 2000. Univ. of Plymouth Dept. of Psychology. 1 Nov. 2005. . Path: PSY364 Evolutionary Psychology support materials; Evolutionary Psychology. Moncrief, Kathryn M. Lectures on As You Like It. Oct. 2005. Washington College, William Smith Hall, Room 322. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It. Eds. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991. ---. Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Eds. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.

Ethics in Project Management

ETHICS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1ABSTRACT This essay will describe about ethics in project management which will provide us an overview of the aspects how the organizations develop the ethics in an organization and about the differences in the ethical decision making among various professionals in their given field. In order to understand various aspects of the chosen topic various literature have been examined including peer reviewed articles which have been carefully chosen. In today’s world all the professional fields have adopted the ethical code of conduct in one way or another but there are differences in the decision making because of variation in company culture and the ethical values of a project manager and the employees. 2INTRODUCTION Ethics basically define the values and the standards or customs of a particular person or a group of people. There are two things that provide the specification for the ethics. First, ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that set what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-based. To make good ethical decisions it is essential that the professionals must have trained sensitivity to the ethical issues and a methodology that will help in exploring the ethical aspects of a decision making. In the business world, ethics scandals have caused the downfall of global corporations and non-profits, causing public outrage and sparking increased government regulations. Globalization has brought economies closer together but has caused a realization that our practice of ethics may differ from culture to culture. The rapid, continuing pace of technological change has provided new opportunities, but has also introduced new challenges, including new ethical dilemmas. The Code of Ethics and Professional Development was approved by the PMI Board of Directors in October 2006. Breach of Code of Ethics: Should, in the opinion of the National Council, a breach or a series of breaches of the Code of Ethics indicate that the member concerned has conducted himself/herself in a manner seriously prejudicial to the profession, then the Council shall advise the member that his/her name shall be removed from the Register of Members and in the case of Registered Project Managers, from the Register of Project Managers. The other important issue is importance of monitoring to control unethical problems. There is no doubt, control is necessary to prevent unethical problems, especially illegal ones, like frauds, and it helps organisations to ensure the accepted policies perform properly. However, there are some possible conflicts here, especially about considering people’s privacy and answer to this question that how far should this control go? People do not like their personal actions to be watched by others and they expect their privacy to be respected, also in some situations, applying very strictly suspect view to control causes people feel to have to try to prove their innocence because someone thinks they are guilty. In my opinion, definitely people‘s right to have their privacy respected could not be ignored, but there are other rights for people too, they want to feel secure when they trust to an organisation and give their information to the organisation and it’s responsible to protect them against someone that tries to access the information and use it to abuse them, or they also want the information related to their banking transactions to be secure. In all of these cases, it is not a acceptable excuse to these organisations not to check their staffs’ or customers’ suspect actions just because of being care about respecting to people privacy rights. As we see, beside to privacy right, there are other rights that should be considered as well. So the someone privacy right should be respected as far as it does not provide possibility of break other people‘s right. Ethics in IT: Mentioned by Strassmann, there is an issue for which, about our personal responsibility to other’s unethical behaviour and deciding whether or not play the role of the ethics police for people including our colleagues, partners, customers or even our boss. Bill Nance, a professor of management information systems at San Jose State University, disagree with such a way of thinking, he believes this â€Å"don't ask, don't tell† policy might end up costing a lot more than the money saved by the illegal money-saving strategies. He gave reason that â€Å"If a client or co-worker is doing something that is beyond unethical –something that is illegal — and others involved know or `could have reasonably known,' as lawyers say in court, they could be considered an accomplice†. I personally think in this sort of situation expectation of always acting as a moral cop is to some extent idealist and not realistic; sometimes because of the side effects of playing such a role, it could cost too much, such as losing job or popularity, so it would not worth to do so. Following are the main objectives that are meant to be achieved with the implementation of ethics in the organization:- Inspiration: To inspire members of the profession to act more ethically in the work environment. Sensitivity: To give encouragement to the members to remain sensitive towards the moral aspects of their jobs Discipline: To enforce certain rules of the profession on its members to achieve integrity Advice: To provide advice in cases of moral complexity and ethical dilemma Awareness: To alert employers and clients as to what they can expect of the member when performing his or her job. Ethics in Construction: The American Society of Civil Engineers claims that corruption accounts for an estimated $340 billion of worldwide construction costs each year. Corruption (including bribery, embezzlement, kickbacks, and fraud) in construction projects undermines the delivery of infrastructure services. Further, corruption poses significant risks to construction and engineering companies themselves. Owners, while trying to minimize their costs for construction projects, are also required to address the ethical and social responsibilities to their shareholders. Terms such as â€Å"socially responsible investments,† â€Å"integrity,† â€Å"honesty,† and â€Å"ethical business conduct† can be found in the operation statements or codes of ethics of almost all public companies. Whistleblowing: In the past thirty years numerous pieces of legislation have been passed to offer protection to whistleblowers from retaliation for disclosing organisational wrongdoing. An area that remains uncertain in relation to whistleblowing and its related policies in organisations is whether these policies actually increase the individualisation of work, allowing employees to behave in accordance with their conscience and in line with societal expectations or whether they are another management tool to control employees and protect organisations from them. In the professional environment, defining what is ethical could be too subjective. So providing enough information about accepted ethical values is very helpful to make ethical decisions. In other words, it is organisations’ responsibility to have related ethical policies and inform people, who need to know about that, properly. Another point is that some people usually take lightly of what is considered unethical behaviour in the industry while they may think that this behaviour is highly unethical or even illegal in real life. This situation emphasizes necessity to pay more attention to cultural infrastructure to promote ethical issues e. g. in construction, medical or IT area. Finally, considering that The Project Management Institute does have a Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, every professional should accustom to commit to the code seriously and adhere to it in all circumstances. Also enforcement of the ethical standards should be a must for the organization to maintain a reputation and also to protect the interest of the public. REFERENCES 1) Reedy, Patrick. 2008. ‘Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall: Reflecting on the Ethics and Effects of a Collective Critical Management Studies Identity Project. ’ Management Learning Vol. 39 Issue 1 p 57-72. EBSCOhost viewed September 25, 2008. ) Garrett, Michael. 2008. ‘What Will You Do When Your Desire to Please and Ethics Collide? ’ Business Source Complete, p 42-44, EBSCOhost viewed September 25, 2008. 3) Small, M. 2006, ‘A Case for Including Business Ethics and the Humanities in Management Programs’ Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 64 Issue 2, p195-211, EBSCOhost viewed Se ptember 26, 2008 4) Tsahuridu, E. , & Vandekerckhove, W. 2008, ‘Organisational Whistleblowing Policies: Making Employees Responsible or Liable? ’ Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 82 Issue 1, p107-118, EBSCOhost viewed September 26, 2008 5) Sohail, M. , & Cavill, S. 008, ‘Accountability to Prevent Corruption in Construction Projects’ Journal of Construction Engineering & Management, Vol. 134 Issue 9, p729-738, EBSCOhost viewed September 25, 2008 6) Annas, G. 2008, ‘Military Medical Ethics – Physician First, Last, Always’ New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 359 Issue 11, p1087-1090. EBSCOhost viewed September 26, 2008 7) Swartz, N 2003, ‘Business Leaders Form Ethics Organization’, Information Management Journal, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p14. EBSCOhost, viewed September 23, 2008 8) Belsie, L 2002, ‘Watching for technology abuse at work’, Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 0, Issue 184, EBSCOhost, viewed 24 September 2008. 9 ) Strassmann, P 2000, ‘Practice ethical IT’, Computerworld, vol. 34, no. 14, EBSCOhost, viewed 24 September 2008. 10) Jane, R 2002, ‘Facing ethical dilemmas’, InfoWorld, vol. 20, no. 52/01, p. 73, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 September 2008. http://www. acm. org/about/code-of-ethics http://www. pmi. org/info/AP_PMICodeofEthics. pdf http://www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework. html http://www. cpsr. org/act/contest/4wi2 http://gbr. pepperdine. edu/052/itmatters. html http://www. misq. org/archivist/vol/no16/issue4/effyoz. pdf

Events of apush Essay

This Unit Activity will help you meet these educational goals Inquiry SkillsYou will apply disciplinary concepts and tools analyze societal issues, trends, and events develop credible explanations of historical events and developments based on reasoned interpretation of evidence gather, evaluate, and use evidence and communicate your conclusions. 21st Century SkillsYou will employ online tools for research and analysis, use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, communicate effectively, and assess and validate information. Introduction For any historian, it is important to find useful resources and analyze relevant information from those sources. This activity will help you practice reading and evaluating the information presented in historical documents. In this activity, you will read two primary-source historical documents, take notes on those documents, and write a short essay about the documents based on your notes. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1 Analyzing Historical Documents In this activity, you will reference two primary-source historical documents HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346479Declaration of Sentiments by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346480Pearl Harbor speech by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Before you read the documents, read these instructions. Using what you learned in this unit, HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346171examine the sources provided to answer these questions Who authored the document What is the purpose of the document When was the document written What significant historical event or movement does the document represent You may need to do additional research to answer the above questions. If so, be sure to list any additional resources you consulted in the Resources section at the end of this document. Read each primary-source document critically while thinking about these questions Do you notice any exagger ation, stereotype, or emotional appeals that may hint at the authors bias How does the author form his or her argument What are the important themes, main ideas, and arguments presented in the document As you read, take notes on the important information in each document. Enter your notes in the tables provided below. Your notes should include summaries of each documents key points, main  ideas, and arguments. (You will need your notes to complete Task 2.) Type your response here Declaration of Sentiments Notespurpose or main ideapetition for womens rights modeled on the declaration of independenceauthorunknowndate unknownevidence of biasnoevent or movementeventother Pearl Harbor Speech Notespurpose or main ideaauthor HYPERLINK http//www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/index.html http//www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/index.htmldateOctober 15 ,2014evidence of biasnoevent or movementEvent other Task 2 Comparing Arguments Referring to your notes and the provided documents, HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346174write a half-page essay that describes how these two primary-source historical documents make their respective arguments. Compare and contrast the arguments presented in the documents. Make sure your essay addresses these questions What techniques do the authors use to form their arguments Is there any evidence of bias or stereotypes Using the HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346177author-date system, make sure you provide parenthetical, in-text citations for any information you use from outside sources, including the two provided documents. When you have finished, reread your essay to check for all of the points above, and then proofread it to be sure your work does not contain errors in grammar or spelling.  Type your response here ________________________________________________________________________ Resources Writing Resources HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346170Research and writing information HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346172Creating a thesis statement HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346171Examining and evaluating sources HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346174Methods for writing a high-quality paper HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346177The author-date system Content Resources HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346479Declaration of Sentiments by Elizabeth Cady Stanton HYPERLINK http//redirect.platoweb.com/346480Pearl Harbor speech by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt Document any references you used for this project below. At minimum, include a title and URL for any Internet resource __________________________________________________________________________ Evaluation Your teacher will use these rubrics to evaluate the completeness  of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. Task 1 Analyzing Historical Documents ScoreCriteria8-9 Distinguished Includes relevant, well-formed notes that provide thorough analysis of the two historical primary-source documents. Provides notes that substantially answer the questions provided in the task. Effectively evaluates the key points, main ideas, and arguments presented in the historical documents. 5-7 Proficient Includes notes that satisfactorily evaluate the two historical primary-source documents. Provides notes that clearly answer the questions provided in the task. Evaluates the key points, main ideas, and arguments presented in the historical documents.2-4 Basic Includes some notes that show evaluation of the two historical primary-source documents, but may omit key points from the texts. Provides notes that adequately answer the questions provided in the task. Pinpoints some key points, main ideas, and arguments presented in the historical documents, but restates rather than analyzes this information.0-1 InadequateIncludes a few notes that inadequately discuss or miss important information from the primary-source documents. Provides notes that partially answer the questions provided in the task. Discusses only minor points, ideas, and arguments presented in the historical documents. Non-PerformanceIs completely off topic or blank. Task 2 Comparing Arguments ScoreCriteria8-9 Distinguished The essay is concise and clearly and successfully synthesizes the research information from the students notes. The essay exhibits substantial and well-informed analysis with a logical and planned organization. The essay provides correct, organized citations. The essay is error free or contains only a few minor grammar and spelling errors. 5-7 Proficient The essay completes the task by combining the research information from the notes. The essay includes thorough analysis in a clear, well-organized format. The essay provides correct citations. The essay may contain a few minor grammar and spelling errors.2-4 Basic The essay partially or incompletely contrasts the arguments. The essay includes some analysis and satisfactory organization. The essay provides some citations, but these may be incomplete or use incorrect formatting. The essay contains multiple grammar or spelling errors.0-1 InadequateThe essay may compare some points from the historical documents but is generally incomplete or off track. The essay provides minimal analysis and has poor organization. The essay provides few if any  citations or the citation formatting is incorrect or both. The essay contains numerous grammar and spelling errors.